Common machine learning scenarios such as fraud detection, customer churn, employee flight risk, aim to predict Yes/No outcomes using binary classification models. But sometimes the target to predict has more than just two classes. This is the case of Delivery Timeliness that can have three categories: Early/On-time/Late.

From this article you will learn how to train and apply a multiclass classification model in a Python notebook with HANA ML APL.

The following example was built using HANA ML 2.12.220325 and APL 2209.

Census Income will be our training dataset.

from hana_ml import dataframe as hd
conn = hd.ConnectionContext(userkey='MLMDA_KEY')
sql_cmd =  """ 
select * from apl_samples.census 
where "marital-status" not in (
  select "marital-status" from apl_samples.census 
  group by "marital-status" having count(*) < 1500 )
order by "id"
"""
hdf_train= hd.DataFrame(conn, sql_cmd)
hdf_train.head(5).collect().style.hide(axis='index')

Let’s check the size of the HANA dataframe in number of rows.

hdf_train.shape[0]

Marital status is our multiclass target.

col_key = 'id'
col_target = 'marital-status'
col_predictors = hdf_train.columns
col_predictors.remove(col_key)
col_predictors.remove(col_target)
col_predictors.remove('education-num')
len(col_predictors)

We do a fit and ask for a final model with no more than six variables. The processing is done within the HANA database.

from hana_ml.algorithms.apl.gradient_boosting_classification import GradientBoostingClassifier
apl_model = GradientBoostingClassifier()
apl_model.set_params(variable_auto_selection = True, 
                     variable_selection_max_nb_of_final_variables = '6')
apl_model.fit(hdf_train, label=col_target, key=col_key, features=col_predictors)

The target distribution looks like this:

my_filter = ""Partition" = 'Estimation'"
df = apl_model.get_debrief_report('MultiClassTarget_Statistics').filter(my_filter).collect()
df.drop('Oid', axis=1, inplace=True)
df.drop('Target Key', axis=1, inplace=True)
format_dict = {'% Weight':'{:,.2f}%', 'Weight':'{:,.0f}'}
df.style.format(format_dict).hide(axis='index')

At this point we choose to save the APL trained model.

from hana_ml.model_storage import ModelStorage
model_storage = ModelStorage(connection_context=conn, schema='USER_APL')
apl_model.name = 'My Multiclass Model'  
model_storage.save_model(model=apl_model, if_exists='replace')
model_storage.list_models()

One hour or one day later …

We are back. We load our multiclass model.

from hana_ml import dataframe as hd
conn = hd.ConnectionContext(userkey='MLMDA_KEY')
from hana_ml.model_storage import ModelStorage
model_storage = ModelStorage(connection_context=conn, schema='USER_APL')
apl_model = model_storage.load_model(name='My Multiclass Model')
apl_model.get_model_info()

We request the model reports and display first the accuracy overall.

from hana_ml.visualizers.unified_report import UnifiedReport
UnifiedReport(apl_model).build().display()

We take a deeper look with the class-by-class report:

Here are the variables that APL selected.

We want to know which variables were excluded during the training, and why:

df = apl_model.get_debrief_report('ClassificationRegression_VariablesExclusion').collect()
df = df[['Variable', 'Reason For Exclusion']]
df.style.hide(axis='index')

We define a new dataframe with a few rows to try the APL model.

sql_cmd = 'select * from apl_samples.census where "id" between 550 and 554 order by "id"'
hdf_apply = hd.DataFrame(conn, sql_cmd)
hdf_apply.collect().hide(axis='index')

We do a predict and ask for the top three reasons. Again, the processing is done within the database.

apl_model.set_params( extra_applyout_settings=
{ 'APL/ApplyExtraMode': 'Advanced Apply Settings', 
  'APL/ApplyPredictedValue': 'false', 
  'APL/ApplyProbability': 'false', 
  'APL/ApplyDecision': 'true', 
  'APL/ApplyReasonCode/TopCount': '3', 
  'APL/ApplyReasonCode/ShowStrengthValue': 'false', 
  'APL/ApplyReasonCode/ShowStrengthIndicator': 'false' }
)
df = apl_model.predict(hdf_apply).collect()
df.columns = ['Id', 'Actual', 'Prediction', 'Reason 1 Name', 'Reason 1 Value', 'Reason 2 Name', 'Reason 2 Value', 'Reason 3 Name', 'Reason 3 Value']
df.style.hide(axis='index')

One can also request the score for each class. The class with the highest score becomes the prediction.

apl_model.set_params( extra_applyout_settings=
{ 'APL/ApplyExtraMode': 'Advanced Apply Settings', 
  'APL/ApplyPredictedValue': 'true', 
  'APL/ApplyProbability': 'false', 
  'APL/ApplyDecision': 'true', 
 }
)
df = apl_model.predict(hdf_apply).collect()
df.rename(columns={'TRUE_LABEL': 'Actual','PREDICTED': 'Prediction'}, inplace=True)
df.columns = [hdr.replace("gb_score_marital-status_", "") for hdr in df]
df.style.hide(axis='index')

Another option is to export the model equation for scoring in stand-alone JavaScript.

apl_scoring_equation = apl_model.export_apply_code(code_type='JSON')
text_file = open("apl_model.json", "w")
text_file.write(apl_scoring_equation)
text_file.close()

To know more about APL